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Table of contents
Acknowledgementsix
List of tablesxi List of figuresxiii Abbreviationsxvii
Chapter 1
Introduction1
1.1Discourse markers and second language acquisition1 1.2
Discourse markers in the literature2 1.2.1Terminology3 1.2.2Properties of discourse markers4 1.2.3Functions of discourse markers8 1.2.4Material for analysis9 1.2.5Core meaning vs. multiple functions12 1.2.6Native vs. non-native English13 1.3 Second language acquisition, applied linguistics, and discourse markers16 1.3.1Second versus foreign language16 1.3.2Applied linguistics and SLA17 1.3.3Communicative competence17 1.3.4Research in interlanguage pragmatics19 1.3.5Speech acts and parallel corpora19 1.3.6Gambits21 1.4 The present study23 1.4.1Basic assumption of the present study: Multifunctionality25 1.4.2Basic approach to data material: Corpus-driven or bottom-up26 1.4.3Selection and definition of discourse markers26 1.4.4Methodology27 1.4.5Discourse marker functions and levels of discourse29 1.5 The Giessen-Long Beach Chaplin Corpus (GLBCC)31 1.5.1Purpose of the corpus31 1.5.2Experiment design34 1.5.3Transcription and intonation unit36 1.6 The data38
1.7 Influential factors for the use and distribution of discourse markers40 1.7.1Non-linguistic factors40 1.7.2Linguistic factors46 1.8 The speakers51 1.8.1Native-nonnative pair distribution51 1.8.2Gender distribution51 1.8.3Age distribution54 1.8.4Relationship between speakers54 1.8.5Role distribution55 1.8.6The German speakers according to their acquisition and use of English55 Chapter 2 So61 2.1 Functions of so in the literature61 2.2 The functional categories of so in this study67 2.2.1Non-discourse marker functions of so68 2.2.2 Discourse marker functions of so71 2.2.3Summary of the functions of so89 2.3 Quantitative results for so89 2.3.1Non-linguistic factors91 2.3.2Linguistic factors94 2.3.3Summary of the quantitative results for so96 Chapter 3 Well101 3.1 Functions of well in the literature101 3.2 The functional categories of well in this study106 3.2.1Non-discourse marker functions of well108 3.2.2Discourse marker functions of well108 3.2.3Summary of the functions of well136 3.3 Quantitative results for well137 3.3.1Non-linguistic factors139 3.3.2Linguistic factors143 3.3.3Summary of the quantitative results for well146 Chapter 4 You know147 4.1 Functions of you know in the literature147 4.2 The functional categories of you know in this study157 4.2.1Non-discourse marker function of you know157 4.2.2 Discourse marker functions of you know158 4.2.3 Summary of the discourse marker functions of you know188
4.3 Quantitative results for you know189 4.3.1Non-linguistic factors191 4.3.2 Linguistic factors193 4.3.3Summary of the quantitative results for you know195 Chapter 5 Like197 5.1 Functions of like in the literature198 5.2 The functional categories of like in this study204 5.2.1Non-discourse marker, non-quotative like204 5.2.2 Discourse marker functions of like208 5.2.3Like – a textual discourse marker225 5.2.4 Quotative like226 5.2.5Unclassified instances227 5.3 Quantitative results for like228 5.3.1Non-linguistic factors230 5.3.2Linguistic factors234 5.3.3Summary of the quantitative results for like238 Chapter 6 Conclusion241 Notes253 References255 Appendix 1 Summary of the movie271 Appendix 2.1 Questionnaire used in Long Beach277 Appendix 2.2 Questionnaire used in Giessen279 Appendix 3 Transcription symbols281 Author index283 Subject index287
Table of contents
Acknowledgementsix
List of tablesxi List of figuresxiii Abbreviationsxvii
Chapter 1
Introduction1
1.1Discourse markers and second language acquisition1 1.2
Discourse markers in the literature2 1.2.1Terminology3 1.2.2Properties of discourse markers4 1.2.3Functions of discourse markers8 1.2.4Material for analysis9 1.2.5Core meaning vs. multiple functions12 1.2.6Native vs. non-native English13 1.3 Second language acquisition, applied linguistics, and discourse markers16 1.3.1Second versus foreign language16 1.3.2Applied linguistics and SLA17 1.3.3Communicative competence17 1.3.4Research in interlanguage pragmatics19 1.3.5Speech acts and parallel corpora19 1.3.6Gambits21 1.4 The present study23 1.4.1Basic assumption of the present study: Multifunctionality25 1.4.2Basic approach to data material: Corpus-driven or bottom-up26 1.4.3Selection and definition of discourse markers26 1.4.4Methodology27 1.4.5Discourse marker functions and levels of discourse29 1.5 The Giessen-Long Beach Chaplin Corpus (GLBCC)31 1.5.1Purpose of the corpus31 1.5.2Experiment design34 1.5.3Transcription and intonation unit36 1.6 The data38
1.7 Influential factors for the use and distribution of discourse markers40 1.7.1Non-linguistic factors40 1.7.2Linguistic factors46 1.8 The speakers51 1.8.1Native-nonnative pair distribution51 1.8.2Gender distribution51 1.8.3Age distribution54 1.8.4Relationship between speakers54 1.8.5Role distribution55 1.8.6The German speakers according to their acquisition and use of English55 Chapter 2 So61 2.1 Functions of so in the literature61 2.2 The functional categories of so in this study67 2.2.1Non-discourse marker functions of so68 2.2.2 Discourse marker functions of so71 2.2.3Summary of the functions of so89 2.3 Quantitative results for so89 2.3.1Non-linguistic factors91 2.3.2Linguistic factors94 2.3.3Summary of the quantitative results for so96 Chapter 3 Well101 3.1 Functions of well in the literature101 3.2 The functional categories of well in this study106 3.2.1Non-discourse marker functions of well108 3.2.2Discourse marker functions of well108 3.2.3Summary of the functions of well136 3.3 Quantitative results for well137 3.3.1Non-linguistic factors139 3.3.2Linguistic factors143 3.3.3Summary of the quantitative results for well146 Chapter 4 You know147 4.1 Functions of you know in the literature147 4.2 The functional categories of you know in this study157 4.2.1Non-discourse marker function of you know157 4.2.2 Discourse marker functions of you know158 4.2.3 Summary of the discourse marker functions of you know188
4.3 Quantitative results for you know189 4.3.1Non-linguistic factors191 4.3.2 Linguistic factors193 4.3.3Summary of the quantitative results for you know195 Chapter 5 Like197 5.1 Functions of like in the literature198 5.2 The functional categories of like in this study204 5.2.1Non-discourse marker, non-quotative like204 5.2.2 Discourse marker functions of like208 5.2.3Like – a textual discourse marker225 5.2.4 Quotative like226 5.2.5Unclassified instances227 5.3 Quantitative results for like228 5.3.1Non-linguistic factors230 5.3.2Linguistic factors234 5.3.3Summary of the quantitative results for like238 Chapter 6 Conclusion241 Notes253 References255 Appendix 1 Summary of the movie271 Appendix 2.1 Questionnaire used in Long Beach277 Appendix 2.2 Questionnaire used in Giessen279 Appendix 3 Transcription symbols281 Author index283 Subject index287
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