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Table of contents
Acknowledgements ix
chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1
Aims and scope 1 1.2
Historical corpus (socio)pragmatics 1 1.2.1 Historical pragmatics 2 1.2.2 Historical sociopragmatics 4 1.2.3
The present approach 4 1.3
The methodology 5 1.4
The discourse markers 6 1.5
Outline of the study 7
Chapter 2 Discourse markers 9 2.1
Introduction 9 2.2 Discourse marker characteristics 11 2.2.1
Phonological and lexical features 12 2.2.2 Syntactic features 16 2.2.3
Semantic features 18 2.2.4
Functional features 20 2.2.5
Sociolinguistic and stylistic features 23 2.2.6 Conclusion 28 2.3
Discourse marker functions 29 2.3.1
The structural approach 29 2.3.2
The predominantly structural approach 32 2.3.3 The structural and attitudinal approach 35 2.3.4 Discourse marker functions in the present approach 37 2.4
Previous studies on historical English discourse markers 41 vi
Discourse Markers in Early Modern English
chapter 3 Methodology and data 45 3.1 Data in historical pragmatics 45 3.2 Corpora and text types 48 3.2.1 A Corpus of English Dialogues, 1560–1760 49 3.2.2 The Parsed Corpus of Early English Correspondence 55 3.2.3 The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English 57 3.2.4 Combining the three corpora 59 3.2.5 The Drama Corpus 62 chapter 4 The discourse markers marry, well and why 69 4.1 Marry 69 4.1.1 Etymology of marry 70 4.1.2 Functions 72 4.1.3 Previous studies 72 4.2 Well 73 4.2.1 Etymology of well 74 4.2.2 Functions 77 4.2.2.1 Structural 78 4.2.2.2 Quotative well 79 4.2.2.3 Coherence 79 4.2.2.4 Acknowledging and continuative functions 80 4.2.2.5 Hesitation, consideration, pause filler 80 4.2.2.6 Self-repair 81 4.2.2.7 Dispreferred answer and non-acceptance 81 4.2.2.8 Questions and answers 82 4.2.2.9 Face-threat mitigator 83 4.2.2.10 Emotions 84 4.2.3 Previous studies 84 4.3 Why 85 4.3.1 Etymology of why 86 4.3.2 Functions 86 4.3.3 Previous studies 88 chapter 5 Quantitative analysis 91 5.1 Subperiod distribution 92 5.2 Text type analysis 95
chapter 6 Qualitative analysis 111 6.1 Marry 111 6.1.1 Co-text of use 112 6.1.1.1 Collocations 116 6.1.1.2 Inversion 122 6.1.2 Structural functions 125 6.1.2.1 Turn-taking or change of speaking voice 125 6.1.2.2 Topic change and topic shift 128 6.1.2.3 Syntactic form and illocutionary force 130 6.1.3 Interactional functions 136 6.1.3.1 Marker of surprise and obvious facts 136 6.1.3.2 Marker of new information – Marry I tell thee 139 6.1.3.3 Contrastive function 140 6.1.4 Conclusion 143 6.2 Well 144 6.2.1 Co-text of use 144 6.2.1.1 Collocations 147 6.2.2 Structural functions 154 6.2.2.1 Initiating and closing functions 154 6.2.2.2 Turn-taking or change of speaking voice 162 6.2.2.3 Topic change and topic shift 165 6.2.2.4 Shortcut well 170 6.2.2.5 Syntactic form and illocutionary force 172 6.2.3 Interactional functions 183 6.2.3.1 Qualifier function 183 6.2.3.2 Hesitation and consideration 186 6.2.3.3 Face-threat mitigator 189 6.2.3.4 Repetitive use 192 6.2.4 Conclusion 195 6.3 Why 196 6.3.1 Co-text of use 196 6.3.1.1 Collocations 199 6.3.2 Structural functions 205 6.3.2.1 Initiating function 206 6.3.2.2 Turn-taking or change of speaking voice 208 6.3.2.3 Topic shift 210 6.3.2.4 Syntactic form and illocutionary force 212
6.3.3 Interactional functions 220 6.3.3.1 Marker of surprise and obvious facts 220 6.3.3.2 Marker of new information 224 6.3.3.3 Conclusive function 226 6.3.3.4 Contrastive function 229 6.3.3.5 Emotions 233 6.3.4 Conclusion 238 6.4 Summary 239 chapter 7 Sociopragmatic analysis 243 7.1 Social status distribution 244 7.2 Directions of use 248 7.3 Gender distribution 259 7.4 Conclusion 263 chapter 8 Conclusion 265 8.1 Background and methodology 265 8.2 Summary of the findings 266 8.2.1 Marry 267 8.2.2 Well 268 8.2.3 Why 269 8.3 Conclusions and suggestions for further research 270 References 273 Index 291
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